Municipal or Urban Engineering

Municipal or urban engineering applies the tools of science, art and engineering in an urban environment.

Summary

Municipal engineering is concerned with municipal infrastructure. This involves specifying, designing, constructing, and maintaining streets, sidewalks, water supply networks, sewers, street lighting, municipal solid waste management and disposal, storage depots for various bulk materials used for maintenance and public works (salt, sand, etc.), public parks and cycling infrastructure. In the case of underground utility networks, it may also include the civil portion (conduits and access chambers) of the local distribution networks of electrical and telecommunications services. It can also include the optimizing of garbage collection and bus service networks. Some of these disciplines overlap with other civil engineering specialties, however municipal engineering focuses on the coordination of these infrastructure networks and services, as they are often built simultaneously (for a given street or development project), and managed by the same municipal authority.

History

Modern municipal engineering finds its origins in the 19th-century United Kingdom, following the Industrial Revolution and the growth of large industrial cities. The threat to urban populations from epidemics of waterborne diseases such as cholera and typhus lead to the development of a profession devoted to "sanitary science" that later became "municipal engineering".

A key figure of the so-called "public health movement" was Edwin Chadwick, author of the parliamentary report "The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population", published in 1842.

Early British legislation included:

• Burgh Police Act 1833 - powers of paving, lighting, cleansing, watching, supplying with water and improving their communities.
• Municipal Corporations Act 1835
• Public Health Act 1866 – formation of drainage boards
• Public Health Act 1875 known at the time as the Great Public Health Act

This legislation provided local authorities with powers to undertake municipal engineering projects and to appoint borough surveyors (later known as "municipal engineers").

In the U.K, the Association of Municipal Engineers, (subsequently named Institution of Municipal Engineers), was established in 1874 under the encouragement of the Institution of Civil Engineers, to address the issue of the application of sanitary science. By the early 20th century, Municipal Engineering had become a broad discipline embracing many of the responsibilities undertaken by local authorities, including roads, drainage, flood control, coastal engineering, public health, waste management, street cleaning, water supply, sewers, waste water treatment, crematoria, public baths, slum clearance, town planning, public housing, energy supply, parks, leisure facilities, libraries, town halls and other municipal buildings.

In the UK, the development of different strands of knowledge necessary for the management of municipal infrastructure led to the emergence of separate specialised institutions, including:

• For drainage: Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management, 1895
• For town planning: Town Planning Institute 1914 ... subsequently becoming the Royal Town Planning Institute
• For street lighting: Association of Public Lighting Engineers, 1934...subsequently becoming the Institution of Lighting Engineers
• For highway engineering: Institution of Highways and Transportation, 1930
• For public housing: Institute of Housing, 1931

In 1984 the Institution of Municipal Engineers merged with the Institution of Civil Engineers.

Since the 1970s, there has been a global trend toward increasing privatisation and outsourcing of municipal engineering services.

In the UK in the 1990s a change in management philosophy brought the demise of the traditional organisational structure of boroughs where the three functions of town clerk, borough treasurer and borough engineer were replaced by an administrative structure with a larger number of specialised departments.

In the late 1990s and early 21st century there was increasing dissatisfaction over what was perceived to be fractured and dysfunctional public services designed along narrow specialties. A more holistic approach to urban engineering began to emerge as an alternative concept. Critics of the specialised approach included the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment that complained that the specialised approach to management of the public realm focussed too much on the on efficient movement of vehicles rather than the more general interests of local communities.

Professional Practice

In the United Kingdom there is no longer any formal professional qualification in municipal engineering although there are degree courses available in urban engineering.

A professional certificate in Urban Engineering is available from through the Institution of Incorporated Engineers via the Public Realm Information and Advice Network.

The British Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) caters to practitioners employed in the public sector, private consultancy and academia through its Proceedings Journal Municipal Engineer. The journal, first published in 1873, has a global scope and covers the whole life cycle of municipal services addressing technical, political and community issues. In addition an Expert Panel responds on behalf of ICE to Government consultations and is represented on the International Federation of Municipal Engineering.

International Organization

The International Federation of Municipal Engineering (IFME) is an organization comprising professional municipal engineers from all round the world. IFME's mission is to connect municipal engineers, public works professionals, public agencies, institutions and businesses around the world in order that they can share a global pool of knowledge and experience. The aim is to foster continued improvement in the quality of public works and wider community services.

The inaugural meeting was held in 1960 at the UNESCO headquarters in Paris. Membership has grown steadily and in 2009 comprised representatives from national associations in: Australia, Canada, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Italy, Israel, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Southern Africa (South Africa, Botawana, Namibia & Zimbabwe), Sweden, UK (England, Scotland, Wales & Northern Ireland) and USA. Belgium and San Marino are presently Corresponding Members.

Related Engineering Disciplines

Municipal or urban engineering combines elements of environmental engineering, water resources engineering and transport engineering.

Relationship To Urban Design Or Urban Planning

Today, municipal engineering may be confused with urban design or urban planning. Whereas the urbanist or urban planner may design the general layout of streets and public places, the municipal engineer is concerned with the detailed design. For example, in the case of the design of a new street, the urbanist may specify the general layout of the street, including landscaping, surface finishings and urban accessories, but the municipal engineer will prepare the detailed plans and specifications for the roads, sidewalks, municipal services and street lighting.

Site Civil Works

In the case of large buildings or plants, facilities or campuses, site civil works may be required that are similar in scope or type as municipal infrastructure, namely, access roads, parking lots, potable water supply (including fire hydrants), on-site waste water treatment plants, site drainage including sedimentation and retention ponds or basins, etc. In most engineering consulting firms, Structural Engineering and Municipal Infrastructure are typically separate departments. On a large construction project, the civil engineering design will typically be divided into a structural portion, designed by structural engineers and typically focused on the buildings, and "civil" portion, designed by municipal engineers and focused on the site.

Sources

• Index to the Proceedings of the Institution of Municipal Engineers, from 1874
• The municipal and sanitary engineer's handbook (1883)

References

·  Jenkinson, Ian. “Municipal Engineer – the silver anniversary”. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Municipal Engineer, Vol 162, ME2, June 2009, pp65-68

·  Buchan, Neil. “Briefing Note - International Federation of Municipal Engineering”. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Municipal Engineer, Vol 163, ME3, Sept 2009

TASK 1

Make 5 questions of what, why, when, where, who and how from the article above!

Questions :

1.      What is municipal engineering?

2.      Who is the key figure of the so-called "public health movement"?

3.      Why was municipal engineering appeared as one of engineering discipline?

4.      When did municipal engineering first developed?

5.      Where was municipal engineering first appeared?

6.      How was the scope of municipal engineering?

Answer :

1.      Municipal or urban engineering is application the tools of science, art and engineering in an urban environment.

2.      The key figure of the so-called "public health movement" is Edwin Chadwick.

3.      Municipal engineering appeared as one of engineering discipline because there was a threat to urban populations at the Industrial Revolutions from epidemics of waterborne diseases such as cholera and typhus lead to the development of a profession devoted to "sanitary science" that later became "municipal engineering".

4.      Modern municipal engineering finds its origins in the 19th-century.

5.      Municipal engineering first appeared in United Kingdom.

6.      Municipal engineering focuses on the coordination of infrastructure networks and services. This involves specifying, designing, constructing, and maintaining streets, sidewalks, water supply networks, sewers, street lighting, municipal solid waste management and disposal.

TASK 2

Find five nomina and verbal sentences from the article above!

a.       Nomina Sentences

1.      The International Federation of Municipal Engineering (IFME) is an organization

S                                                  to be                                   

comprising professional municipal engineers from all round the world.                                O                                                                     Adv

2.      Structural Engineering and Municipal Infrastructure are typically separate

S                                              to be      adj      noun

departments.

       O

3.      A key figure of the so-called "public health movement" was Edwin Chadwick, author

Adv                                             to be       S

of the parliamentary report "The Sanitary Condition of the Laboring Population".

noun                            O

4.      In the late 1990s and early 21st century there was increasing dissatisfaction over what

Adv                                         to be   adj                    noun

was perceived to be fractured and dysfunctional public services designed along

                                                                                                O

narrow specialties.

5.      A professional certificate in Urban Engineering is available from through the

S                                     to be      adj

Institution of Incorporated Engineers via the Public Realm Information and Advice                      O                                                                              Adv                

Network.

b.      Verbal sentences

1.      Municipal or urban engineering applies the tools of science, art and engineering in an

S                             V                                      O                                

urban environment.

Adv

2.      This legislation provided local authorities with powers to undertake municipal

S                 V                 O                                                                             

engineering projects and to appoint borough surveyors .

            Adv

3.      The Institution of Municipal Engineers merged with the Institution of Civil Engineers

S                                           V                                                            O

in 1984.

    Adv

4.      The British Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) caters to practitioners employed in the

S                                          V                            O                 

public sector

      Adv

5.      The urbanist or urban planner may design the general layout of streets and public

S                      Adv        V                                                     O

places.

TASK 3

Identify the tenses used in sentences above!

a.       Nomina Sentences

1.      The International Federation of Municipal Engineering (IFME) is an organization

S                                                  to be                                   

comprising professional municipal engineers from all round the world.                                O                                                                     Adv

► it used simple present tense, because of to be, ‘is’.

2.      Structural Engineering and Municipal Infrastructure are typically separate

S                                              to be      adj      noun

departments.

       O

► it used simple present tense, because of to be, ‘are’.

3.      A key figure of the so-called "public health movement" was Edwin Chadwick, author

Adv                                             to be       S

of the parliamentary report "The Sanitary Condition of the Laboring Population".

noun                                     O

► it used simple past tense, because of to be, ‘was’.

4.      In the late 1990s and early 21st century there was increasing dissatisfaction over what

Adv                                         to be   adj                    noun

was perceived to be fractured and dysfunctional public services designed along

                                                                                                O

narrow specialties.

► it used simple past tense, because of to be, ‘was’.

5.      A professional certificate in Urban Engineering is available from through the

S                                     to be      adj

Institution of Incorporated Engineers via the Public Realm Information and Advice                      O                                                                                      Adv                

Network.

► it used simple present tense, because of to be, ‘is’.

b.      Verbal sentences

1.    Municipal or urban engineering applies the tools of science, art and engineering in an

S                             V                                      O                                

urban environment.

Adv

► it used simple present tense, because using verb 1, ‘applies’.

2.      This legislation provided local authorities with powers to undertake municipal

S                 V                 O                                                                             

engineering projects and to appoint borough surveyors .

            Adv

► it used simple past tense, because using verb 2, ‘provided’.

3.        The Institution of Municipal Engineers merged with the Institution of Civil Engineers

S                                           V                                                            O

in 1984.

    Adv

► it used simple present tense, because using verb 2, ‘merged’.

4.        The British Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) caters to practitioners employed in the

S                                          V                            O                 

public sector

      Adv

► it used simple present tense, because using verb 1, ‘caters’.

5.      The urbanist or urban planner may design the general layout of streets and public

S                      adv        V                                                      O

places.

► it used simple present tense, because using verb 1, ‘design’.

TASK 3

Make an active voice from passive sentences or otherwise from sentences below!

1.      Municipal or urban engineering applies the tools of science, art and engineering in an urban environment.

2.      This legislation provided local authorities with powers to undertake municipal engineering projects and to appoint borough surveyors .

3.      The Institution of Municipal Engineers merged with the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1984.

4.      The British Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) caters to practitioners employed in the public sector.

5.      The urbanist or urban planner may design the general layout of streets and public places.

Answer :

1.      The tools of science, art and engineering in an urban environment were applied by municipal or urban engineering.

2.      Local authorities was provided by legislation with powers to undertake municipal engineering projects and to appoint borough surveyors.

3.      The Institution of Civil Engineers were merged by the Institution of Municipal Engineers in 1984.

4.      The general layout of streets and public places were might designed by the urbanist or urban planner.

TASK 4

Translate article; “Municipal or Urban Engineering”, to Indonesian!

REKAYASA KOTA ATAU PERKOTAAN

Rekayasa kota atau perkotaan menerapkan perangkat ilmu  pengetahuan, seni dan rekayasa dalam lingkungan kota.

Ikhtisar

Rekayasa Kota membahas mengenai masalah infrastruktur perkotaan. Di dalamnya termasuk menetapkan desain, membangun dan memelihara jalan, trotoar, jaringan penyedia air, saluran kotoran, lampu jalan, pengelolaan dan pembuangan limbah padat perkotaan, depot penyimpanan massal untuk berbagai bahan yang digunakan untuk pemeliharaan dan pekerja umum (garam, pasir, dll), taman umum dan penyebaran infrastruktur. Dalam kasus jaringan keperluan bawah tanah, bisa terdapat bagian sipil (seperti saluran dan ruang akses) dari distribusi lokal jaringan listrik dan layanan telekomunikasi. Dalam bagian ini juga bisa mencakup optimalisasi pengumpulan sampah dan jaringan layanan bus. Beberapa disiplin ilmu ini memang tumpang tindih dengan spesialisasi teknik sipil lainnya, namun rekayasa kota fokus pada koordinasi jaringan dan layanan infrastruktur, sebagaimana sering terjadi pembangunan secara bersamaan (untuk jalan tertentu atau proyek pembangunan) dan dikelola oleh pemerintah kota yang sama.

Sejarah

Rekayasa kota modern ditemukan pada abad ke 19 di Inggris Raya, mengikuti Revolusi Industri dan pertumbuhan besar kota industri. Populasi kota terancam oleh penyakit epidemik yang menular melalui air seperti kolera dan tifus menyebabkan berkembangnya profesi khusus yang mendalami ilmu sanitasi yang kemudian dikenal dengan Rekayasa Kota.

Seorang tokoh kunci yang disebut dalam “gerakan kesehatan masyarakat” ialah Edwin Chadwick, penulis dari laporan parlemen “Kondisi Sanitasi Populasi Tenaga Kerja” yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1842.

Sejak awal perundang-undangan Inggris sudah berisi tentang :

·         Undang-Undang Polisi Skotlandia tahun 1833 : wewenang untuk menyamaratakan, menerangi, membersihkan, mengawasi, menyediakan air dan meningkatkan komunitas mereka.

·         Undang-Undang Kesatuan Kota tahun 1835

·         Undang-Undang Kesehatan Masyarakat tahun 1866 – pembentukan papan drainase

·         Undang-Undang Kesehatan Masyarakat tahun 1875 yang sekarang dikenal dengan Undang-Undang Kesehatan Masyarakat Besar.

Undang-undang ini memberikan otoritas lokal dengan kekuasaan untuk melaksanakan proyek-proyek pembangunan kota dan menunjuk Inspektur Daerah (kemudian dikenal sebagai "Insinyur Kota").

Di Inggris Raya sendiri ada Asosiasi Insinyur Kota, (yang kemudian diubah menjadi Lembaga Insinyur Kota) yang pertama berdiri tahun 1874 dibawah dorongan Lembaga Teknik Sipil untuk mengatasi masalah penerapan ilmu sanitasi. Di awal abad 20 Rekayasa Kota telah menjadi disiplin ilmu yang melingkupi tanggung jawab otoritas lokal seperti jalan, drainase, pengaturan banjir, rekayasa pesisir, kesehatan masyarakat, pengelolaan limbah, pembersihan jalan, penyedia air, saluran kotoran, pengelolaan limbah air, krematorium, kamar mandi umum, pembersihan pemukiman kumuh, perencanaan kota, perumahan rakyat, pasokan energi, taman, fasilitas untuk santai, perpustakaan, balai kota, dan bangunan kota lainnya.

Di Inggris Raya, pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan yang berbeda diperlukan untuk mengelola infrastruktur kota sehingga dibentuklah lembaga khusus untuk masing-masing disiplin ilmu, diantaranya :

·         Untuk drainase dibentuk Lembaga Resmi Pengelola Lingkungan dan Air pada tahun 1895

·         Untuk perencana kota dibentuk Institut Perencana Kota pada tahun 1914, yang kemudian berubah menjadi Institut Perencana Kota Kerajaan

·         Untuk lampu jalan dibentuk Asosiasi Insinyur Penata Lampu Umum pada 1934, yang kemudian diubah menjadi Lembaga Insinyur Penata Lampu.

·         Untuk rekayasa jalan; Lembaga Transportasi dan Prasarana Jalan tahun 1930

·         Untuk perumahan dibentuk Institut Perumahan di tahun 1931.

Di tahun 1984 Lembaga Insinyur Kota bersatu ke dalam Lembaga Teknik Sipil.

Sejak tahun 1970an muncul sebuah kecenderungan menyeluruh terhadap peningkatan privatisasi dan layanan rekayasa kota dari pihak luar.

Perubahan filosofi pengelolaan di Inggris Raya pada tahun 1990an membawa kematian bagi struktur organisasi wilayah yang tradisional dimana biasanya terdiri dari tiga fungsi petugas kota yakni, bendahara dan teknisi wilayah digantikan oleh sebuah struktur administrasi yang dibagi menjadi banyak bagian yang lebih khusus lagi.

Di akhir tahun 1990an dan di awal abad 21 terjadi peningkatan ketidakpuasan pada layanan masyrakat yang dirasa akan rusak dan tak kan berfungsi yang dirancang dengan sedikit keahlian khusus. Pendekatan lanjut yang lebih menyeluruh lagi pada rekayasa kota mulai menjadi konsep alternatif. Kritik dari pendekatan khusus itu termasuk di dalamnya berasal dari Komisi Arsitektur dan Pembangunan Lingkungan yang mengkritik tentang pendekatan khusus pada pengelolaan bidang masyarakat yang lebih memerhatikan efisiensi pergerakan mesin dibandingkan dengan kepentingan masyarakat umum.

Praktek Ahli

Di Inggris Raya sendiri sudah tidak ada lagi kualifikasi resmi untuk ahli rekayasa kota, walaupun ada program gelar untuk rekayasa perkotaan.

Ada pula sertifikat ahli di bidang Rekayasa Perkotaan yang dikeluarkan oleh Lembaga Kesatuan Insinyur melalui Bidang Informasi Publik dan Jaringan Saran.

Lembaga Teknik Sipil Inggris (LTS) memperkerjakan praktisi di sektor masyarakat, konsultan pribadi dan akademisi, melalui pendapatan dari Jurnal Insinyur Kota. Jurnal ini pertama diterbitkan pada 1873 telah memiliki lingkup global dan mencakup seluruh siklus hidup dari layanan kota mulai dari menangani masalah teknis, politik dan masyarakat. Sebagai tambahan, seorang pakar merespon atas nama LTS untuk konsultasi pemerintah yang diwakili pada Federasi Rekayasa Kota Internasional.

Organisasi Internasional

Federasi Rekayasa Kota Internasional (FRKI) adalah organisasi para Insinyur kota profesional. Pekerja umum profesional, agen masyarakat, lembaga dan bisnis di seluruh dunia agar dapat saling berbagi pengetahuan dan pengalaman. Dengan tujuan untuk mengembangkan kemajuan dalam kualitas pekerja umum dan komunitas layanan yang lebih luas.

Pertemuan pengukuhan diadakan pada tahun 1960 di kantor pusat UNESCO di Paris. Pertumbuhan jumlah anggota pun sangat stabil dan di tahun 2009 pun sudah terdapat banyak wakil asosiasi dari mancanegara seperti : Australia, Kanada, Denmark, Estonia, Finlandia, Italia, Israel, Belanda, Selandia Baru, Norwegia, Afrika Selatan (Afrika Selatan, Botawana, Namibia dan Zimbabwe), Swedia, Inggris Raya (Inggris, Skotlandia, Wales dan Irlandia Utara), dan Amerika Serikat. Dan saat ini Belgia dan San Mario sudah ikut bergabung.       

Disiplin Ilmu Yang Berhubungan Dengan Rekayasa

Rekayasa Kota atau Perkotaan menggabungkan elemen dari rekayasa lingkungan, rekayasa sumber daya air dan rekayasa transportasi.

Hubungan Dengan Desain Perkotaan Atau Perencanaan Kota

Sekarang ini rekayasa kota berfokus pada desain perkotaan atau perencanaan perkotaan. Dimana perencana kota akan mendesain rancangan umum dari jalan dan tempat-tempat umum, sementara insinyur kota harus mendesain segalanya secara rinci. Contohnya, dalam hal mendesain jalan baru seorang perencana kota harus membuat rancangan umum dari jalan, termasuk pemandangan, tampilan akhir dan tambahan perkotaan, sementara itu insinyur kota akan menyiapkan rencana mengenai perincian dari jalan, trotoar, layanan kota dan lampu jalan.

Tempat Kerja Sipil

Untuk bangunan dan gedung besar, fasilitas atau kampus, lapangan kerja sipil mungkin akan membutuhkan yang serupa atau sejenis dengan lingkup infrastruktur kota, yakni jalur akses, tempat parkir, penyediaan air minum (termasuk pipa air kebakaran), tempat pengelola limbah air, tempat drainase termasuk telaga atau cekungan pengendapan dan penyimpanan, dll. Kebanyakan perusahaan konsultan rekayasa, rekayasa struktur dan infrastruktur kota biasanya dipisahkan menjadi bagian yang berbeda. Dalam proyek konstruksi yang besar, rancangan teknik sipil biasanya dibagi menjadi bagian struktural, yang dirancangan oleh insinyur struktur dan terfokus pada bangunan, dan bagian sipil yang dirancang oleh insinyur kota dan terfokus pada tempat.

Sumber

·         Indeks Lanjutan dari Lembaga Teknik Kota, tahun 1874

·         Pedoman Insinyur Kota dan Sanitasi, tahun 1883

Referensi

·         Jenkinson, Ian. “Insinyur Kota – Memperingati 25 tahun”. Lanjutan Lembaga Teknik Sipil, Teknik Kota , Volume 162, ME2, Juni 2009, pp 65-68.

·         Buchan, Neil. “Catatan Singkat – Federasi Rekayasa Kota Internasional”. Lanjutan Lembaga Teknik Sipil, Teknik Kota, Vol 163, ME3, September 2009.